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About this quote

What does it mean?
Perfect competition is impossible because individual product differences prevent uniformity.
In plain terms
You cannot make everything identical to create a perfect market.
What can you take from it?
Market imperfections arise from product diversity.

Where it applies

  • market analysis
  • business strategy

Putting it to work

  • accept market variation
  • avoid rigid standardization

Questions to consider

  • Is perfect competition useful?
  • Does variety help markets?

Another view

Standardization can sometimes lower costs enough to benefit consumers.

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