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About this quote

What does it mean?
Kennan criticizes the Soviet Union for using democratic rituals to mask authoritarian reality.
In plain terms
Dictatorships sometimes pretend to follow democracy to hide the truth.
What can you take from it?
Democratic forms can be used to hide authoritarian substance.

Where it applies

  • political analysis
  • media criticism

Putting it to work

  • identifying authoritarian regimes
  • evaluating elections

Questions to consider

  • Can a regime be both tyrannical and democratic?
  • How do we spot false elections?

Another view

This view overlooks cases where democratic procedures genuinely exist under dictatorship.

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