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About this quote

What does it mean?
Absolute certainty requires either total knowledge or total ignorance.
In plain terms
You need to know everything or nothing to be sure.
What can you take from it?
Certainty is rare in complex matters.

Where it applies

  • scientific inquiry
  • philosophical debate
  • decision making

Putting it to work

  • acknowledge limits
  • seek evidence
  • avoid dogmatism

Questions to consider

  • What can you know with certainty?
  • How much evidence is enough?

Another view

It dismisses practical confidence based on partial evidence.

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  3. The task of the leader is to get his people from where they are to where they have not been.

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