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About this quote

What does it mean?
Hammond argues that society always has a lower class, regardless of what it is called.
In plain terms
Every society has poor workers, even if we don't call them slaves.
What can you take from it?
Social hierarchies are permanent features of society.

Where it applies

  • analyzing economy
  • studying sociology

Putting it to work

  • understanding class structures

Questions to consider

  • Does every society need a lower class?
  • How is labor valued today?

Another view

This view ignores progress in labor rights and social mobility.

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