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We may appeal to every page of history we have hitherto turned over, for proofs irrefragable, that the people, when they have been unchecked, have been as unjust, tyrannical, brutal, barbarous and cruel as any king or senate possessed of uncontrollable power ... All projects of government, formed upon a supposition of continual vigilance, sagacity, and virtue, firmness of the people, when possessed of the exercise of supreme power, are cheats and delusions ... The fundamental article of my political creed is that despotism, or unlimited sovereignty, or absolute power, is the same in a majority of a popular assembly, an aristocratical council, an oligarchical junto, and a single emperor. Equally arbitrary, cruel, bloody, and in every respect diabolical.

John Adams#41

PoliticsEthicsFreedomLawGovernancePowerTyranny

About this quote

What does it mean?
Unlimited power, whether in a king or a majority, becomes tyrannical and cruel.
In plain terms
Absolute authority is always oppressive, no matter who holds it.
What can you take from it?
Vigilance is needed to prevent any concentration of unchecked power.

Where it applies

  • constitutional design
  • civil liberties
  • judicial review

Putting it to work

  • checks and balances
  • transparent governance
  • civic oversight

Questions to consider

  • How can societies balance authority and liberty?
  • What mechanisms best prevent tyranny?

Another view

It assumes all majorities act tyrannically, ignoring possibilities of benevolent governance.

More from John Adams

  1. As to the history of the revolution, my ideas may be peculiar, perhaps singular. What do we mean by the Revolution? The war? That was no part of the revolution…

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  2. Power always sincerely, conscientiously, de tres bon foi, believes itself right. Power always thinks it has a great soul and vast views, beyond the comprehensi…

    Permalink to quote #42
  3. As long as Property exists, it will accumulate in Individuals and Families. As long as Marriage exists, Knowledge, Property and Influence will accumulate in Fa…

    Permalink to quote #39

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