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I deny that anyone knows, or can know, the nature of the two sexes, as long as they have only been seen in their present relation to one another. If men had ever been found in society without women, or women without men, or if there had been a society of men and women in which the women were not under the control of the men, something might have been positively known about the mental and moral differences which may be inherent in the nature of each. What is now called the nature of women is an eminently artificial thing - the result of forced repression in some directions, unnatural stimulation in others.

John Stuart Mill#60

EqualityGenderGender rolesHuman natureNatureRepressionSocial dynamics

About this quote

What does it mean?
Mill argues that current views of women's nature are artificial results of repression, not innate facts.
In plain terms
What we think of as women's nature is actually shaped by social control, not biology.
What can you take from it?
Do not accept social norms as natural facts without considering their history of suppression.

Where it applies

  • feminist critique
  • social reform
  • psychology

Putting it to work

  • analyze gender norms
  • advocate equality
  • study socialization

Questions to consider

  • How much of gender is biological?
  • Can we truly know nature without social interference?

Another view

It ignores potential biological differences between sexes entirely.

More from John Stuart Mill

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  2. What, in unenlightened societies, colour, race, religion, or in the case of a conquered country, nationality, are to some men, sex is to all women; a peremptor…

    Permalink to quote #61
  3. People are not aware how entirely, informer ages, the law of superior strength was the rule of life; how publicly and openly it was avowed, I do not say cynica…

    Permalink to quote #58

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