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Keynes was a great economist. In every discipline, progress comes from people who make hypotheses, most of which turn out to be wrong, but all of which ultimately point to the right answer. Now Keynes, in The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, set forth a hypothesis which was a beautiful one, and it really altered the shape of economics. But it turned out that it was a wrong hypothesis. That doesn't mean that he wasn't a great man!

Milton Friedman#23

EconomicsIdeasLearningProgress

About this quote

What does it mean?
Progress comes from wrong hypotheses that point to right answers, like Keynes did.
In plain terms
Even wrong ideas help progress if they lead to better answers.
What can you take from it?
Wrong ideas can still drive progress.

Where it applies

  • academic research
  • innovation
  • policy design

Putting it to work

  • test ideas
  • value learning
  • accept error

Questions to consider

  • What did this idea improve?
  • What was the value?

Another view

Some wrong ideas cause harm before correction.

More from Milton Friedman

  1. I am a libertarian with a small l and a Republican with a capital R. And I am a Republican with a capital R on grounds of expediency, not on principle.

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  2. If a tax cut increases government revenues, you haven't cut taxes enough.

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  3. There are four ways in which you can spend money. You can spend your own money on yourself. When you do that, why then you really watch out what you're doing, …

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