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Some years ago I had a conversation with a layman about flying saucers - because I am scientific I know all about flying saucers! I said 'I don't think there are flying saucers'. So my antagonist said, 'Is it impossible that there are flying saucers? Can you prove that it's impossible?' 'No', I said, 'I can't prove it's impossible. It's just very unlikely'. At that he said, 'You are very unscientific. If you can't prove it impossible then how can you say that it's unlikely?' But that is the way that is scientific. It is scientific only to say what is more likely and what less likely, and not to be proving all the time the possible and impossible. To define what I mean, I might have said to him, 'Listen, I mean that from my knowledge of the world that I see around me, I think that it is much more likely that the reports of flying saucers are the results of the known irrational characteristics of terrestrial intelligence than of the unknown rational efforts of extra-terrestrial intelligence.' It is just more likely. That is all.

Richard Feynman#35

ScienceKnowledgeUncertaintyProbabilityScientific methodLogic

About this quote

What does it mean?
Feynman argues that science deals with likelihoods rather than absolute proofs of impossibility.
In plain terms
Science is about judging what is likely or unlikely, not proving everything is impossible.
What can you take from it?
Accept uncertainty and weigh probabilities instead of demanding absolute proof.

Where it applies

  • debates on fringe science
  • scientific literacy
  • critical thinking

Putting it to work

  • evaluate extraordinary claims
  • teach scientific reasoning

Questions to consider

  • How do you distinguish between unlikely and impossible?
  • When is proof necessary vs. probabilistic judgment?

Another view

Likelihood assessments can still be subjective if data is scarce.

More from Richard Feynman

  1. Nature uses only the longest threads to weave her patterns, so that each small piece of her fabric reveals the organization of the entire tapestry.

    Permalink to quote #34
  2. Anyway, I have to argue about flying saucers on the beach with people, you know. And I was interested in this: they keep arguing that it is possible. And that'…

    Permalink to quote #36
  3. The next question was - what makes planets go around the sun? At the time of Kepler some people answered this problem by saying that there were angels behind t…

    Permalink to quote #33

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