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If the representatives of the people betray their constituents, there is then no recourse left but in the exertion of that original right of self-defense which is paramount to all positive forms of government, and which against the usurpations of the national rulers may be exerted with infinitely better prospect of success than against those of the rulers of an individual State. In a single State, if the persons entrusted with supreme power become usurpers, the different parcels, subdivisions, or districts of which it consists, having no distinct government in each, can take no regular measures for defense. The citizens must rush tumultuously to arms, without concert, without system, without resource; except in their courage and despair.

Alexander Hamilton#30

PoliticsFreedomDefenseRightsRebellionResistance

About this quote

What does it mean?
When government betrays the people, self-defense is the only recourse, especially against national usurpers who are harder to fight than local ones.
In plain terms
People must defend themselves if leaders betray them.
What can you take from it?
National tyranny is harder to resist than local tyranny.

Where it applies

  • political rebellion
  • constitutional crisis

Putting it to work

  • identify tyranny
  • organize resistance

Questions to consider

  • When is resistance justified?

Another view

Armed resistance carries high risk and moral weight.

More from Alexander Hamilton

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  2. In the usual progress of things, the necessities of a nation in every stage of its existence will be found at least equal to its resources.

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  3. A tolerable expertness in military movements is a business that requires time and practice. It is not a day, or even a week, that will suffice for the attainme…

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