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Motion with respect to the universal ocean of aether eludes us. We say, 'Let V be the velocity of a body through the aether', and form the various electromagnetic equations in which V is scattered liberally. Then we insert the observed values, and try to eliminate everything which is unknown except V. The solution goes on famously; but just as we have got rid of all the other unknowns, behold! V disappears as well, and we are left with the indisputable but irritating conclusion -

Arthur Stanley Eddington#14

PhysicsExperimentHistory

About this quote

What does it mean?
Attempts to measure velocity through the aether fail because the unknown velocity cancels out of the equations.
In plain terms
We can't measure speed through the aether because it disappears from the math.
What can you take from it?
Mathematical cancellation reveals that the aether is undetectable in motion.

Where it applies

  • learning relativity history
  • understanding experiments
  • reading physics

Putting it to work

  • explain relativity roots
  • illustrate failed hypotheses
  • teach methodology

Questions to consider

  • What does it mean when a variable vanishes?
  • Why did physicists keep trying?

Another view

The aether concept was abandoned, not just hidden by math.

More from Arthur Stanley Eddington

  1. The quest of the absolute leads into the four-dimensional world.

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  2. Shuffling is the only thing which Nature cannot undo.

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  3. In the world of physics we watch a shadowgraph performance of the drama of familiar life. The shadow of my elbow rests on the shadow table as the shadow ink fl…

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