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For want of the apparatus of propositional functions, many logicians have been driven to the conclusion that there are unreal objects. It is argued, e.g., by Meinong, that we can speak about 'the golden mountain,' 'the round square,' and so on; we can make true propositions of which these are the subjects; hence they must have some kind of logical being, since otherwise the propositions in which they occur would be meaningless. In such theories, it seems to me, there is a failure of that feeling for reality which ought to be preserved even in the most abstract studies. Logic, I should maintain, must no more admit a unicorn than zoology can; for logic is concerned with the real world just as truly as zoology, though with its more abstract and general features.

Bertrand Russell#94

PhilosophyLogicReality

About this quote

What does it mean?
Russell argues that logic should not admit non‑existent objects like unicorns, because propositions about them would be meaningless.
In plain terms
Logic must stay grounded in reality, not talk about impossible things.
What can you take from it?
Treat logical entities as real only if they correspond to real‑world concepts.

Where it applies

  • philosophical analysis
  • formal logic
  • metaphysics

Putting it to work

  • avoid using fictional entities in logical arguments
  • focus on real‑world referents

Questions to consider

  • What counts as a legitimate subject of a proposition?
  • Can logic be useful without referencing unreal objects?

Another view

Some philosophical systems find utility in discussing non‑existent objects for explanatory purposes.

More from Bertrand Russell

  1. The question of 'unreality,' which confronts us at this point, is a very important one. Misled by grammar, the great majority of those logicians who have dealt…

    Permalink to quote #93
  2. In obedience to the feeling of reality, we shall insist that, in the analysis of propositions, nothing 'unreal' is to be admitted. But, after all, if there is …

    Permalink to quote #95
  3. The method of 'postulating' what we want has many advantages; they are the same as the advantages of theft over honest toil.

    Permalink to quote #92

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