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Liberty, according to my metaphysics, is an intellectual quality, an attribute that belongs not to fate nor chance. Neither possesses it, neither is capable of it. There is nothing moral or immoral in the idea of it. The definition of it is a self-determining power in an intellectual agent. It implies thought and choice and power; it can elect between objects, indifferent in point of morality, neither morally good nor morally evil.

John Adams#35

EthicsPhilosophyFreedomAgencyIntellect

About this quote

What does it mean?
Adams defines liberty as an intellectual self‑determining power, neither moral nor immoral, independent of fate or chance.
In plain terms
Liberty is a mental ability to choose, not a moral quality.
What can you take from it?
Freedom is a cognitive capacity, not an ethical label.

Where it applies

  • philosophical discussion
  • personal decision‑making

Putting it to work

  • cultivating critical thinking
  • teaching agency

Questions to consider

  • Is liberty inherently neutral?
  • How does agency relate to responsibility?

Another view

Some argue liberty carries moral implications.

More from John Adams

  1. Indeed, Mr. Jefferson, what could be invented to debase the ancient Christianism which Greeks, Romans, Hebrews and Christian factions, above all the Catholics,…

    Permalink to quote #34
  2. Remember, democracy never lasts long. It soon wastes, exhausts, and murders itself. There never was a democracy yet that did not commit suicide.

    Permalink to quote #36
  3. You and I ought not to die before we have explained ourselves to each other.

    Permalink to quote #33

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