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I took this stuff I got out of your [O-ring] seal and I put it in ice water, and I discovered that when you put some pressure on it for a while and then undo it it doesn't stretch back. It stays the same dimension. In other words, for a few seconds at least, and more seconds than that, there is no resilience in this particular material when it is at a temperature of 32 degrees. I believe that has some significance for our problem.

Richard Feynman#15

EngineeringSafetyTesting

About this quote

What does it mean?
Feynman demonstrates that O-ring material loses resilience in cold water, explaining the shuttle failure.
In plain terms
Cold makes the O-ring material stiff and unable to seal properly.
What can you take from it?
Test materials under real conditions to find failures.

Where it applies

  • product testing
  • safety reviews
  • accident investigations

Putting it to work

  • test in environment
  • check material limits
  • trust data

Questions to consider

  • What overlooked detail caused a failure?
  • How do you test safety?

Another view

Lab tests may not capture all real-world factors.

More from Richard Feynman

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  2. When playing Russian roulette the fact that the first shot got off safely is little comfort for the next.

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  3. All experiments in psychology are not of this [cargo cult] type, however. For example there have been many experiments running rats through all kinds of mazes,…

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