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Theories rarely arise as patient inferences forced by accumulated facts. Theories are mental constructs potentiated by complex external prods (including, in idealized cases, a commanding push from empirical reality). But the prods often include dreams, quirks, and errors-just as we may obtain crucial bursts of energy from foodstuffs or pharmaceuticals of no objective or enduring value. Great truth can emerge from small error. Evolution is thrilling, liberating, and correct. And Macrauchenia is a litoptern.

Stephen Jay Gould#140

ScienceEvolutionTruthErrorDiscovery

About this quote

What does it mean?
Scientific theories often emerge from flawed or accidental inputs, yet still lead to great truths like evolution.
In plain terms
Great scientific truths can come from imperfect or random starting points.
What can you take from it?
Truth can arise from errors or unexpected sources.

Where it applies

  • developing theories
  • teaching science history

Putting it to work

  • encouraging diverse thinking
  • interpreting scientific progress

Questions to consider

  • Can a mistake lead to discovery?
  • Is perfect logic necessary for truth?

Another view

Not all errors lead to truth; many lead nowhere.

More from Stephen Jay Gould

  1. [T]ruly grand and powerful theories [:] do not and cannot rest upon single observations. Evolution is an inference from thousands of independent sources, the o…

    Permalink to quote #139
  2. Each and every loss becomes an instance of ultimate tragedy-something that once was, but shall never be known to us. The hump of the giant deer-as a nonfossili…

    Permalink to quote #141
  3. I am particularly fond of [Emmanuel Mendes da Costa's] Natural History of Fossils because this treatise, more than any other work written in English, records a…

    Permalink to quote #138

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