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But, as we consider the totality of similarly broad and fundamental aspects of life, we cannot defend division by two as a natural principle of objective order. Indeed, the 'stuff' of the universe often strikes our senses as complex and shaded continua, admittedly with faster and slower moments, and bigger and smaller steps, along the way. Nature does not dictate dualities, trinities, quarterings, or any 'objective' basis for human taxonomies; most of our chosen schemes, and our designated numbers of categories, record human choices from a cornucopia of possibilities offered by natural variation from place to place, and permitted by the flexibility of our mental capacities. How many seasons (if we wish to divide by seasons at all) does a year contain? How many stages shall we recognize in a human life?

Stephen Jay Gould#3

ScienceNaturePhilosophy

About this quote

What does it mean?
Gould argues that nature is complex and continuous, rejecting simple binary divisions imposed by humans.
In plain terms
Nature does not follow simple human categories; it is complex and continuous.
What can you take from it?
Avoid forcing complex reality into simple binary categories.

Where it applies

  • scientific analysis
  • educational taxonomy
  • data categorization

Putting it to work

  • improving data models
  • teaching complex systems

Questions to consider

  • How do we categorize complex systems?
  • Are binary choices ever accurate?

Another view

Some human categories are practical tools even if they don't match nature perfectly.

More from Stephen Jay Gould

  1. Debate is an art form. It is about the winning of arguments. It is not about the discovery of truth. There are certain rules and procedures to debate that real…

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  2. God bless all the precious little examples and all their cascading implications; without these gems, these tiny acorns bearing the blueprints of oak trees, ess…

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  3. I am not unmindful of the journalist's quip that yesterday's paper wraps today's garbage. I am also not unmindful of the outrages visited upon our forests to p…

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