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Evolution is the conviction that organisms developed their current forms by an extended history of continual transformation, and that ties of genealogy bind all living things into one nexus. Panselectionism is a denial of history, for perfection covers the tracks of time. A perfect wing may have evolved to its current state, but it may have been created just as we find it. We simply cannot tell if perfection be our only evidence. As Darwin himself understood so well, the primary proofs of evolution are oddities and imperfections that must record pathways of historical descent-the panda's thumb and the flamingo's smile of my book titles (chosen to illustrate this paramount principle of history).

Stephen Jay Gould#56

ScienceHistoryEvolutionNatureFlawsPerfection

About this quote

What does it mean?
Evolution is proven by oddities and imperfections that show historical descent, not just perfection which could mean creation.
In plain terms
Evolution is shown by flaws that mark history; perfection alone doesn't prove change.
What can you take from it?
Flaws and oddities in nature prove evolutionary history better than perfection.

Where it applies

  • science education
  • philosophy
  • biology

Putting it to work

  • study biological oddities
  • trace historical paths
  • avoid design arguments

Questions to consider

  • Why does nature have imperfections?
  • How do we define proof?

Another view

Some traits may look like flaws but serve important functions not immediately obvious.

More from Stephen Jay Gould

  1. I would trade all the advantages of humanity to be a fly on the wall when Franklin and Jefferson discussed liberty, Lenin and Trotsky revolution, Newton and Ha…

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  2. Time's arrow of 'just history' marks each moment of time with a distinctive brand. But we cannot, in our quest to understand history, be satisfied only with a …

    Permalink to quote #57
  3. [I]f texts are unified by a central logic of argument, then their pictorial illustrations are integral to the ensemble, not pretty little trifles included only…

    Permalink to quote #54

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