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To plead the organic causation of a religious state of mind, then, in refutation of its claim to possess superior spiritual value, is quite illogical and arbitrary, unless one have already worked out in advance some psycho-physical theory connecting spiritual values in general with determinate sorts of physiological change. Otherwise none of our thoughts and feelings, not even our scientific doctrines, not even our dis-beliefs, could retain any value as revelations of the truth, for every one of them without exception flows from the state of their possessor's body at the time.

William James#48

PhilosophyReligionLogic

About this quote

What does it mean?
James argues that claiming a religious mind has superior value is illogical unless we already have a theory linking spiritual values to physical changes; otherwise all thoughts are just bodily effects.
In plain terms
Without a theory linking mind and body, saying religion is superior is unreasonable.
What can you take from it?
A theory connecting mind and body is needed to justify spiritual claims.

Where it applies

  • debating religious superiority
  • discussing mind-body relations

Putting it to work

  • developing interdisciplinary frameworks
  • examining assumptions

Questions to consider

  • What evidence would link spiritual values to physiological change?
  • Can we assess religious claims without such a theory?

Another view

It presumes a specific psycho‑physical theory that may not exist.

More from William James

  1. As a rule we disbelieve all the facts and theories for which we have no use.

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  2. There are moments of sentimental and mystical experience . . . that carry an enormous sense of inner authority and illumination with them when they come. But t…

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  3. An unlearned carpenter of my acquaintance once said in my hearing: 'There is very little difference between one man and another; but what little there is, is v…

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