The number of syllables in the English names of finite integers tends to increase as the integers grow larger, and must gradually increase indefinitely, since only a finite number of names can be made with a given finite number of syllables. Hence the names of some integers must consist of at least nineteen syllables, and among these there must be a least. Hence 'the least integer not nameable in fewer than nineteen syllables' must denote a definite integer; in fact, it denotes 111, 777. But 'the least integer not nameable in fewer than nineteen syllables' is itself a name consisting of eighteen syllables; hence the least integer not nameable in fewer than nineteen syllables can be named in eighteen syllables, which is a contradiction. This contradiction was suggested to us by Mr. G. G. Berry of the Bodleian Library.
About this quote
- What does it mean?
- Russell presents a paradox: the smallest integer that cannot be named in fewer than nineteen syllables can itself be named in eighteen syllables, creating a contradiction.
- In plain terms
- A self‑referential naming rule leads to a logical contradiction.
- What can you take from it?
- Self‑reference can produce paradoxes.
Where it applies
Putting it to work
Questions to consider
- What does this paradox reveal about language limits?
- Can similar paradoxes arise in other systems?
Another view
The argument relies on a specific naming convention, limiting its generality.
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