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People are said to believe in God, or to disbelieve in Adam and Eve. But in such cases what is believed or disbelieved is that there is an entity answering a certain description. This, which can be believed or disbelieved is quite different from the actual entity (if any) which does answer the description. Thus the matter of belief is, in all cases, different in kind from the matter of sensation or presentation, and error is in no way analogous to hallucination. A hallucination is a fact, not an error; what is erroneous is a judgment based upon it.

Bertrand Russell#8

PhilosophyPsychologyBeliefCognitionError

About this quote

What does it mean?
Russell distinguishes belief about a description from the actual entity, saying error concerns judgment, not hallucination, which is a fact.
In plain terms
Belief errors are judgments about descriptions, not the same as hallucinations.
What can you take from it?
Mistakes arise from wrong judgments, not from false perceptions.

Where it applies

  • cognitive science
  • philosophy of mind

Putting it to work

  • analyzing belief formation
  • teaching critical thinking

Questions to consider

  • How can we tell a judgment error from a perceptual hallucination?
  • Does this view affect how we treat false beliefs?

Another view

The distinction may blur when perceptions are ambiguous.

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