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It is, therefore, a just political maxim, that every man must be supposed a knave: Though at the same time, it appears somewhat strange, that a maxim should be true in politics, which is false in fact. But to satisfy us on this head, we may consider, that men are generally more honest in their private than in their public capacity, and will go greater lengths to serve a party, than when their own private interest is alone concerned. Honour is a great check upon mankind: But where a considerable body of men act together, this check is, in a great measure, removed; since a man is sure to be approved of by his own party, for what promotes the common interest; and he soon learns to despise the clamours of adversaries.

David Hume#47

PoliticsTruthPowerSystemTrust

About this quote

What does it mean?
Hume suggests assuming politicians are self-interested knaves to safeguard against corruption in public life.
In plain terms
Assume people act in self-interest in politics to prevent corruption.
What can you take from it?
Design systems assuming self-interest to protect public good.

Where it applies

  • system design
  • political analysis

Putting it to work

  • building checks and balances

Questions to consider

  • Should we expect selfishness from leaders?
  • How to check power?

Another view

It ignores instances of genuine altruism in public service.

More from David Hume

  1. Nothing appears more surprising to those, who consider human affairs with a philosophical eye, than the easiness with which the many are governed by the few; a…

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  2. In all ages of the world, priests have been enemies to liberty; and it is certain, that this steady conduct of theirs must have been founded on fixed reasons o…

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  3. It is a very comfortable reflection to the lovers of liberty, that this peculiar privilege of Britain is of a kind that cannot easily be wrested from us, but m…

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