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... men get tired of everything, of heaven no less than of hell; and that all history is nothing but a record of the oscillations of the world between these two extremes. An epoch is but a swing of the pendulum; and each generation thinks the world is progressing because it is always moving. But when you are as old as I am; when you have a thousand times wearied of heaven, like myself and the Commander, and a thousand times wearied of hell, as you are wearied now, you will no longer imagine that every swing from heaven to hell is an emancipation, every swing from hell to heaven an evolution. Where you now see reform, progress, fulfilment of upward tendency, continual ascent by Man on the stepping stones of his dead selves to higher things, you will see nothing but an infinite comedy of illusion. You will discover the profound truth of the saying of my friend Koheleth, that there is nothing new under the sun. Vanitas vanitatum.

George Bernard Shaw#97

PhilosophyHistoryProgressRealityIllusionCycles

About this quote

What does it mean?
Shaw argues that history is a cycle of extremes, not progress, and that belief in improvement is an illusion.
In plain terms
History just swings between good and bad times, and thinking we are getting better is a trick.
What can you take from it?
Question the idea of constant human progress.

Where it applies

  • historical analysis
  • political theory
  • philosophy

Putting it to work

  • policy-making
  • teaching
  • critical thinking

Questions to consider

  • Is progress real or just a cycle?
  • How do we find meaning in cyclical history?

Another view

It ignores genuine technological and social advancements.

More from George Bernard Shaw

  1. Here there is nothing but love and beauty. Ugh! it is like sitting for all eternity at the first act of a fashionable play, before the complications begin. Nev…

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  2. Were I not possessed with a purpose beyond my own I had better be a ploughman than a philosopher; for the ploughman lives as long as the philosopher, eats more…

    Permalink to quote #98
  3. Yes, it is mere talk. But why is it mere talk? Because, my friend, beauty, purity, respectability, religion, morality, art, patriotism, bravery and the rest ar…

    Permalink to quote #95

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