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No doubt this great change has caused serious disturbance to our Southern communities. This is to be deplored, though it was perhaps unavoidable. But those who resisted the change should remember that under our institutions there was no middle ground for the negro race between slavery and equal citizenship. There can be no permanent disfranchised peasantry in the United States. Freedom can never yield its fullness of blessings so long as the law or its administration places the smallest obstacle in the pathway of any virtuous citizen.

James A. Garfield#32

FreedomLawRightsCitizenshipCivil rightsEquality

About this quote

What does it mean?
Garfield argues that freed people must be granted full citizenship, as there is no acceptable middle ground.
In plain terms
Former slaves must become equal citizens; there is no other option.
What can you take from it?
Half-freedom creates permanent instability; full rights are necessary.

Where it applies

  • policy debates
  • post-war planning
  • legal reform

Putting it to work

  • advocate suffrage
  • oppose segregation
  • draft laws

Questions to consider

  • Can society truly support equality without full citizenship?
  • What stops laws from working?

Another view

It overlooks social resistance that might prevent legal equality from becoming reality.

More from James A. Garfield

  1. The will of the nation, speaking with the voice of battle and through the amended Constitution, has fulfilled the great promise of 1776 by proclaiming 'liberty…

    Permalink to quote #31
  2. It has been said that unsettled questions have no pity for the repose of nations. It should be said with the utmost emphasis that this question of the suffrage…

    Permalink to quote #33
  3. The supreme trial of the Constitution came at last under the tremendous pressure of civil war. We ourselves are witnesses that the Union emerged from the blood…

    Permalink to quote #30

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