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About this quote

What does it mean?
Average measurements can hide dangerous extremes, making risk assessment based on averages misleading.
In plain terms
Don't cross a river just because its average depth is safe.
What can you take from it?
Avoid decisions based only on averages.

Where it applies

  • investing
  • safety planning
  • policy

Putting it to work

  • check for outliers
  • plan for extremes

Questions to consider

  • Where do you trust averages too much?
  • What are the worst cases?

Another view

Averages remain useful for general estimates.

More from Nassim Nicholas Taleb

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  2. Much of the research into humans' risk-avoidance machinery shows that it is antiquated and unfit for the modern world; it is made to counter repeatable attacks…

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  3. It is now the scientific consensus that our risk-avoidance mechanism is not mediated by the cognitive modules of our brain, but rather by the emotional ones. T…

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