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I do not claim that intelligence, however defined, has no genetic basis-I regard it as trivially true, uninteresting, and unimportant that it does. The expression of any trait represents a complex interaction of heredity and environment. [: A] specific claim purporting to demonstrate a mean genetic deficiency in the intelligence of American blacks rests upon no new facts whatever and can cite no valid data in its support. It is just as likely that blacks have a genetic advantage over whites. And, either way, it doesn't matter a damn. An individual can't be judged by his group mean.

Stephen Jay Gould#11

ScienceGeneticsEqualityIntelligenceRace

About this quote

What does it mean?
Gould argues that while intelligence may have a genetic basis, it is unimportant because traits result from complex heredity-environment interactions. He dismisses claims of genetic deficiency in American blacks as unsupported and irrelevant since individuals cannot be judged by group means.
In plain terms
Traits come from genes and environment together, so blaming genetics for group differences is wrong and unimportant.
What can you take from it?
Do not judge individuals based on average group statistics.

Where it applies

  • scientific debates
  • policy making
  • social commentary

Putting it to work

  • critique genetic determinism
  • focus on individual merit
  • question racial claims

Questions to consider

  • How should we weigh nature versus nurture?
  • Why do group averages matter in social policy?

Another view

Some researchers argue genetic factors do play a significant role in intelligence differences.

More from Stephen Jay Gould

  1. I contend that the continued racial classification of Homo sapiens represents an outmoded approach to the general problem of differentiation within a species. …

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  2. For Linnaeus, Homo sapiens was both special and not special. [:] Special and not special have come to mean nonbiological and biological, or nurture and nature.…

    Permalink to quote #12
  3. [A]s a graduate student at Columbia University, I remember the a priori derision of my distinguished stratigraphy professor toward a visiting Australian drifte…

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