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If the resident zoologist of Galaxy X had visited the earth 5 million years ago while making his inventory of inhabited planets in the universe, he would surely have corrected his earlier report that apes showed more promise than Old World monkeys and noted that monkeys had overcome an original disadvantage to gain domination among primates. (He will confirm this statement after his visit next year-but also add a footnote that one species from the ape bush has enjoyed an unusual and unexpected flowering, thus demanding closer monitoring.)

Stephen Jay Gould#114

HistoryEvolutionChanceAnimalsPrediction

About this quote

What does it mean?
Gould uses a hypothetical alien visitor to illustrate how dominance among primates shifted from apes to monkeys, noting humans are an unexpected outlier.
In plain terms
An alien might have guessed apes would dominate, but monkeys took over and humans are a rare surprise.
What can you take from it?
Evolutionary outcomes are unpredictable; humans are an unexpected deviation.

Where it applies

  • science communication
  • evolutionary biology
  • storytelling

Putting it to work

  • use analogies for complexity
  • embrace unpredictability
  • study primate history

Questions to consider

  • Was human evolution inevitable?
  • What else was an accident of history?

Another view

It simplifies complex evolutionary history into a narrative that may overlook other factors.

More from Stephen Jay Gould

  1. I am not [:] asserting that humans are either genial or aggressive by inborn biological necessity. Obviously, both kindness and violence lie within the bounds …

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  2. Evolution is an obstacle course not a freeway; the correct analogue for long-term success is a distant punt receiver evading legions of would-be tacklers in an…

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  3. The real tragedy of human existence is not that we are nasty by nature, but that a cruel structural asymmetry grants to rare events of meanness such power to s…

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