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I am willing to believe that my unobtainable sixty seconds within a sponge or a flatworm might not reveal any mental acuity that I would care to call consciousness. But I am also confident [:] that vultures and sloths, as close evolutionary relatives with the same basic set of organs, lie on our side of any meaningful (and necessarily fuzzy) border-and that we are therefore not mistaken when we look them in the eye and see a glimmer of emotional and conceptual affinity.

Stephen Jay Gould#148

EvolutionAnimalsConsciousnessEmpathy

About this quote

What does it mean?
Gould argues that while simple organisms may lack consciousness, our evolutionary relatives like vultures and sloths likely share emotional and conceptual traits with us.
In plain terms
We share a family tree with many animals, so it is reasonable to think they feel emotions similar to ours.
What can you take from it?
Acknowledge emotional and conceptual continuity across evolutionary species.

Where it applies

  • comparing animal behavior
  • discussing animal rights
  • explaining evolutionary links

Putting it to work

  • advocate for animal welfare
  • study comparative psychology

Questions to consider

  • How do we define consciousness across species?
  • What evidence supports emotional affinity in animals?

Another view

Anthropomorphism can sometimes lead to misinterpreting animal behaviors.

More from Stephen Jay Gould

  1. Our indirect methods have taught us a mountain of things about horses, but if you wished to learn even more, would you rather be Whirlaway in the stretch, than…

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  2. Natural historians tend to avoid tendentious preaching in this philosophical mode (although I often fall victim to such temptations in these essays). Our favor…

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  3. I have a great respect for religion, and the subject has always fascinated me [:]. Much of this fascination lies in the stunning historical paradox that organi…

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