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Complex organisms cannot be construed as the sum of their genes, nor do genes alone build particular items of anatomy or behavior by themselves. Most genes influence several aspects of anatomy and behavior-as they operate through complex interactions with other genes and their products, and with environmental factors both within and outside the developing organism. We fall into a deep error, not just a harmful oversimplification, when we speak of genes 'for' particular items of anatomy or behavior.

Stephen Jay Gould#160

BiologyGeneticsEnvironmentTraitsDevelopmentInteraction

About this quote

What does it mean?
Gould states that organisms are not just sums of genes; genes interact complexly with each other and the environment to shape anatomy and behavior. Speaking of genes 'for' specific traits is a deep error and oversimplification.
In plain terms
Genes work together with the environment to build an organism, so single genes do not dictate specific traits alone.
What can you take from it?
Avoid simplifying complex biological traits to single genes.

Where it applies

  • scientific education
  • biological research
  • public understanding

Putting it to work

  • explain polygenic traits
  • avoid genetic reductionism
  • teach complexity

Questions to consider

  • What limits genetic determinism?
  • How do environments shape gene expression?

Another view

Some traits like eye color are strongly linked to specific genes.

More from Stephen Jay Gould

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  3. No more harmful nonsense exists than [the] common supposition that deepest insight into great questions about the meaning of life or the structure of reality e…

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