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There is no gene 'for' such unambiguous bits of morphology as your left kneecap or your fingernail. [:] Hundreds of genes contribute to the building of most body parts and their action is channeled through a kaleidoscopic series of environmental influences: embryonic and postnatal, internal and external. Parts are not translated genes, and selection doesn't even work directly on parts.

Stephen Jay Gould#21

EvolutionBiologyGeneticsEnvironmentSelectionTraits

About this quote

What does it mean?
Biological traits are not determined by single genes but by complex interactions of hundreds of genes and environmental factors. Selection acts on the whole organism, not directly on specific body parts.
In plain terms
Body parts are built by many genes and environment, not one gene, and selection works on the whole body.
What can you take from it?
Recognize that biological traits emerge from complex interactions, not simple genetic codes.

Where it applies

  • genetic counseling
  • developmental biology
  • health policy

Putting it to work

  • avoid genetic determinism
  • study gene-environment interactions
  • consider context in health

Questions to consider

  • How much of your health is genetic?
  • What traits do you think are purely environmental?

Another view

This complexity makes it harder to pinpoint causes for specific medical conditions.

More from Stephen Jay Gould

  1. The world, unfortunately, rarely matches our hopes and consistently refuses to behave in a reasonable manner.

    Permalink to quote #20
  2. The history of most fossil species includes two features particularly inconsistent with gradualism: 1. Stasis. Most species exhibit no directional change durin…

    Permalink to quote #22
  3. Hyper-selectionism has been with us for a long time in various guises; for it represents the late nineteenth century's scientific version of the myth of natura…

    Permalink to quote #19

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