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Thus, we have three principles for increasing adequacy of data: if you must work with a single object, look for imperfections that record historical descent; if several objects are available, try to render them as stages of a single historical process; if processes can be directly observed, sum up their effects through time. One may discuss these principles directly or recognize the 'little problems' that Darwin used to exemplify them: orchids, coral reefs, and worms-the middle book, the first, and the last.

Stephen Jay Gould#30

ScienceHistoryEvolutionResearchMethodologyData

About this quote

What does it mean?
Use imperfections, stages, or summed processes to improve data adequacy in historical study.
In plain terms
Look for flaws, stages, or time effects to understand history better.
What can you take from it?
Study historical details like flaws or stages to understand the past.

Where it applies

  • scientific research
  • historical analysis
  • data collection

Putting it to work

  • examine imperfections
  • track historical stages
  • sum process effects

Questions to consider

  • How do we study the past?
  • What makes data better?

Another view

Some data cannot be observed directly across long time spans.

More from Stephen Jay Gould

  1. Organisms [...] are directed and limited by their past. They must remain imperfect in their form and function, and to that extent unpredictable since they are …

    Permalink to quote #29
  2. A complete theory of evolution must acknowledge a balance between 'external' forces of environment imposing selection for local adaptation and 'internal' force…

    Permalink to quote #31
  3. Our failure to discern a universal good does not record any lack of insight or ingenuity, but merely demonstrates that nature contains no moral messages framed…

    Permalink to quote #28

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