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Pacifists ought to enter more deeply into the aesthetical and ethical point of view of their opponents. ... So long as antimilitarists propose no substitute for war's disciplinary function, no moral equivalent of war, analogous, as one might say, to the mechanical equivalent of heat, so long they fail to realize the full inwardness of the situation. And as a rule they do fail. The duties, penalties, and sanctions pictured in the utopias they paint are all too weak and tame to touch the military-minded.

William James#97

EthicsWarPeaceDisciplinePacifism

About this quote

What does it mean?
Pacifists fail to understand the military mindset unless they propose a moral equivalent to war that offers similar discipline and ethical challenge.
In plain terms
Pacifists should offer a peaceful alternative that feels as meaningful as war.
What can you take from it?
Offer a moral equivalent to war to convince the military-minded.

Where it applies

  • peace activism
  • moral debate
  • social reform

Putting it to work

  • propose alternative duties
  • challenge pacifist utopias
  • value discipline

Questions to consider

  • What could serve as a moral equivalent to war?
  • Why do military values appeal to some?

Another view

Creating a substitute that matches war's intensity without its destruction is extremely difficult.

More from William James

  1. Without risks or prizes for the darer, history would be insipid indeed; and there is a type of military character which every one feels that the race should ne…

    Permalink to quote #96
  2. Inferiority is always with us, and merciless scorn of it is the keynote of the military temper.

    Permalink to quote #98
  3. The militarily-patriotic and the romantic-minded everywhere, and especially the professional military class, refuse to admit for a moment that war may be a tra…

    Permalink to quote #95

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