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The likings and dislikings of society, or of some powerful portion of it, are thus the main thing which has practically determined the rules laid down for general observance, under the penalties of law or opinion. And in general, those who have been in advance of society in thought and feeling, have left this condition of things unassailed in principle, however they may have come into conflict with it in some of its details. They have occupied themselves rather in inquiring what things society ought to like or dislike, than in questioning whether its likings or dislikings should be a law to individuals. They preferred endeavouring to alter the feelings of mankind on the particular points on which they were themselves heretical, rather than make common cause in defence of freedom, with heretics generally. (p. 12)

John Stuart Mill#11

SocietyFreedomOpinionEthicsLawReformConformityNormsRebellion

About this quote

What does it mean?
Societal rules often reflect prevailing preferences rather than reasoned ethics, and reformers often fail to challenge the principle of social control.
In plain terms
Society sets rules based on what it likes, not necessarily what is right.
What can you take from it?
Question social norms, not just specific unpopular practices.

Where it applies

  • social reform
  • legal activism
  • cultural critique

Putting it to work

  • Identify underlying social norms
  • Defend principle of liberty

Questions to consider

  • Which rules do I follow just because others do?
  • Do I challenge the principle or just the detail?

Another view

Reformers often underestimate the power of social norms.

More from John Stuart Mill

  1. The rules that obtain among themselves [a people] appear to them self-evident and self-justifying. This all but universal illusion is one of the examples of th…

    Permalink to quote #10
  2. The great writers to whom the world owes what religious liberty it possesses, have mostly asserted freedom of conscience as an indefeasible right, and denied a…

    Permalink to quote #12
  3. All that makes existence valuable to any one, depends on the enforcement of restraints upon the actions of other people. Some rules of conduct, therefore, must…

    Permalink to quote #9

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