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If you defend a behavior by arguing that people are programmed directly for it, then how do you continue to defend it if your speculation is wrong, for the behavior then becomes unnatural and worthy of condemnation. Better to stick resolutely to a philosophical position on human liberty: what free adults do with each other in their own private lives is their business alone. It need not be vindicated - and must not be condemned-by genetic speculation.

Stephen Jay Gould#14

BiologyEthicsGeneticsFreedomHuman rights

About this quote

What does it mean?
Human behavior should not be defended or condemned based on genetic speculations; personal liberty in private life stands on its own.
In plain terms
Do not use genetics to argue for or against adult behaviors. Private choices are people's business regardless of biology.
What can you take from it?
Protect adult liberty without needing genetic justification or fearing biological determinism.

Where it applies

  • ethical debate
  • policy making
  • personal rights

Putting it to work

  • legislating private behavior
  • arguing for autonomy

Questions to consider

  • Should laws depend on whether behaviors are genetic?
  • What justifies freedom in private life?

Another view

Ignoring biology entirely may miss opportunities for preventive social interventions.

More from Stephen Jay Gould

  1. But here I stop-short of any deterministic speculation that attributes specific behaviors to the possession of specific altruist or opportunist genes. Our gene…

    Permalink to quote #13
  2. Organisms are not billiard balls, propelled by simple and measurable external forces to predictable new positions on life's pool table. Sufficiently complex sy…

    Permalink to quote #15
  3. For Linnaeus, Homo sapiens was both special and not special. [:] Special and not special have come to mean nonbiological and biological, or nurture and nature.…

    Permalink to quote #12

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