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But here I stop-short of any deterministic speculation that attributes specific behaviors to the possession of specific altruist or opportunist genes. Our genetic makeup permits a wide range of behaviors-from Ebenezer Scrooge before to Ebenezer Scrooge after. I do not believe that the miser hoards through opportunist genes or that the philanthropist gives because nature endowed him with more than the normal complement of altruist genes. Upbringing, culture, class, status, and all the intangibles that we call 'free will,' determine how we restrict our behaviors from the wide spectrum-extreme altruism to extreme selfishness-that our genes permit.

Stephen Jay Gould#13

BiologyEthicsCultureSocietyGeneticsPsychologyBehaviorFree will

About this quote

What does it mean?
Genes allow a broad spectrum of behaviors, but culture, upbringing, and free will determine where individuals fall between extreme selfishness and altruism.
In plain terms
Your genes let you be good or bad, but your life choices decide which you become.
What can you take from it?
Nature sets limits, but environment and choice shape specific behavior.

Where it applies

  • ethical discussions
  • genetic research
  • personal development

Putting it to work

  • evaluate behavioral claims
  • consider environmental factors

Questions to consider

  • To what extent do genes limit choice?
  • How much does upbringing override biology?

Another view

The quote dismisses genetic influence on specific traits without evidence.

More from Stephen Jay Gould

  1. For Linnaeus, Homo sapiens was both special and not special. [:] Special and not special have come to mean nonbiological and biological, or nurture and nature.…

    Permalink to quote #12
  2. If you defend a behavior by arguing that people are programmed directly for it, then how do you continue to defend it if your speculation is wrong, for the beh…

    Permalink to quote #14
  3. I do not claim that intelligence, however defined, has no genetic basis-I regard it as trivially true, uninteresting, and unimportant that it does. The express…

    Permalink to quote #11

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